Offshore breakwaters, also called bulkheads, are constructed to reduce the intensity of wave action in inshore waters and thereby reduce coastal erosion. They are constructed some distance away from the coast or built with one end linked to the coast. The breakwaters may be small structures, placed one to three hundred feet(about thirty to ninety metres) offshore in relatively shallow water. They are designed to protect a gently sloping beach. Breakwaters may be either fixed or floating: the choice depends on normal water depth and tidal range. They are made of large pieces of concrete or granite and are spaced about fifty metres from each other. Breakwater construction is usually parallel or perpendicular to the coast to maintain tranquility condition in the port. Most of Breakwater construction depends upon wave approach and considering some other environmental parameters.
When oncoming waves hit these breakwaters, their erosive power is concentrated on these structures some distance away from the coast. In this way, there is an area of slack water behind the breakwaters. Deposition occurring in these waters and beaches can be built up or extended in these waters. However, nearby unprotected sections of the beaches do not receive fresh supplies of sediments and may gradually shrink due to erosion, namely due to longshore drift.
Breakwaters are subject to damage, and over-topping by big storms can lead to problems of drainage of water that gets behind them. The wall also serves to encourage erosion of beach deposits from the foot of the wall and can increase longshore sediment transport.
